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Jewish Facts

 

- The mezzuzah is supposed to be hung on the right side of the door so it can be kissed by the right hand. It is slanted to the right because Hebrew is read from right to left but there is no law in the Bible stating that it must be slanted this way—

- The Israeli Flag took it's colors from the Talis, the prayer shawl, which has blue and white tassels. These are blue and white to represent the heavens and waters as the world was created.

- The Holy Torah:The only material that a Mezuzah can be written on is parchment. Nowadays, any kind of parchment is an unusual and unfamiliar sight. The parchment used for a Mezuzah is not ordinary parchment, but is the hide of a Kosher animal. From the very first stages, the hide must be processed with the intention that it is for the sake of the mitzvah, or commandment. This means that the Sofer (scribe) must have in mind (and verbally express) that he is preparing the animal hide in order for a Torah scroll, Tefillin, or Mezuzah to be written on it. The main ingredients of the special ink used by the Sofer are gall nuts, or the gallic acid derived from these nuts, gum Arabic, a resin substance, and copper vitriol, a bluish stone which gives the ink the blackness required. The gall nuts and resin are cooked in water for about an hour. Then the vitrol is added and the mixture is boiled until half remains. Many scribes have their own special recipe to make their custom ink. The writing instrument used for the mezuzah must be a quill from a kosher bird - goose or turkey. The tip is carefully cut so that by turning the pen and varying the pressure, the Sofer can write thick as well as very thin lines with one stroke.

- Matzah which is made in the exacting and specific hand made process as our ancestors have done for thousands of years is called "Shmura", guarded Matzah. The main goal of this strictness is to prevent moisture from coming in contact with the wheat until its prescribed moment, which would therefore make it leavened - forbidden on Passover. Every step in making each 12-inch round matzoh is so guarded against leavening, he explained, that the entire process cannot exceed 18 minutes.

- Kosher (from Hebrew k?sh?r, "fit, proper"), term meaning ritually proper for use according to Jewish law. It is applied especially to the food that Jews are permitted to eat. According to the Bible only animals that have cloven hooves and are ruminant, that is, chew the cud, are considered kosher (see Deuteronomy 14:3-21). These animals must be killed according to the traditional rabbinical ritual and soaked, salted, and washed to remove any traces of blood. Milk or milk products must not be eaten with meat, and shellfish is to be avoided. During the festival of Passover, no leavened bread is to be eaten. Although these dietary regulations were originally designed to preserve health standards, they are today for the most part observed only by the Orthodox Jews.

- Despite the American Jewish community’s long history and diverse national origins, the vast majority of Jewish Americans descend from Eastern European immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1924. During this period, approximately 2,340,000 Jews, mostly from Russia, immigrated to the United States to escape discrimination and build a better life. In addition to their ancient religious and cultural heritage, these Eastern European Jews brought with them a way of life shaped by their former homelands. Many of these immigrants spoke the Yiddish language, a German-based folk language written with the Hebrew alphabet. Their diet emphasized delicatessen foods, such as corned beef, bagels, dill pickles, and blintzes. In Europe and other regions, Jews endured harsh treatment, such as forced conversion to other religions or expulsion. Fierce government-sanctioned attacks against Jews, known as pogroms, took place in Russia and Poland from the 17th century until the 1920s. The impoverished Eastern European Jews who arrived in the United States after 1880 faced various forms of discrimination, ranging from street violence and condemnation in newspapers and magazines to exclusion from education, housing, and employment. In addition to anti-Jewish campaigns, nativist, or anti-foreigner, movements often targeted Jews. Like other European immigrants of the period, many Jews held socialist views. Jewish Americans were often victims of anti-leftist campaigns (see Socialism).

- From the late 19th century until the 1960s, discriminatory policies in various parts of the United States generally prohibited Jews from joining social and athletic clubs, visiting resort hotels, and living in certain neighborhoods. After the 1920s, many private colleges and universities, especially those in the Northeast, established quotas to limit the number of Jewish students admitted, regardless of their qualifications. For example, a 1949 study determined that while non-Jews had a 1 in 7 chance of admission to Cornell University Medical School, Jews had only a 1 in 70 chance. In the early 1950s, studies of job markets in Los Angeles and Chicago found that 20 percent of all job openings requested non-Jewish applicants. Until the late 1960s, few Jews could find employment in large law firms or major industrial corporations.

- Despite their rapid assimilation into mainstream American society, Jewish Americans maintain many behavioral patterns that distinguish them from other groups. When compared to other established white ethnic populations, Jews tend to live near other members of their group and to visit relatives more often. They also have lower rates of intermarriage with other ethnic or religious groups. Jews also tend to retain the liberal politics and Democratic Party affiliations generally associated with the working class.

- Jewish Americans debate the future of their community. More than 50 percent of Jewish Americans now marry non-Jews. Religious and institutional involvement among Jewish Americans have steadily declined. Some Jews suggest that the community will eventually be absorbed into mainstream American society. Other observers respond that inaccurate predictions about the total assimilation of American Jews have been made since the 1870s. They point out that Jewish Americans still maintain many rituals, practices, and associations that bind them to the Jewish community.

- Prayers and Services :Traditionally, Jews pray three times a day: in the morning (shaharith), afternoon (minhah), and evening (maarib). The times of prayer are deemed to correspond to the times when sacrifices were offered in the Jerusalem Temple. In this and other ways, rabbinic Judaism metaphorically carries forward the structure of the destroyed Temple cult. A company of ten men forms a congregation, or quorum (minyan), for prayer.

- The single required component of all Jewish worship services is a series of benedictions called the Tefillah ("prayer"); it is also known as the Amidah, or "standing" prayer, because it is recited standing, and the Shemoneh Esreh, because it originally contained 18 benedictions. On weekdays it is now composed of 19 benedictions, including 13 petitions for welfare and messianic restoration. On Sabbaths (see Sabbath) and festivals, these petitions are replaced by occasional prayers. A second major rubric is the recitation of the Shema in the morning and evening. All services conclude with two messianic prayers, the first called Alenu, the second an Aramaic doxology called the Kaddish. As a sign of devotion to God, the observant adult male Jew during weekday morning prayers wears both a fringed prayer shawl (tallith; the fringes are called zizith) and phylacteries (prayer boxes, called tefillin). Both customs are derived from the scriptural passages that are recited as the Shema, as is a third, the placing of a mezuzah (prayer box) on the doorpost of one’s house, a further reminder that God is everywhere. As a gesture of respect to God, the head is covered during prayer, either with a hat or a skullcap (kippah; Yiddish yarmulke). Pious Jews wear a head covering at all times, recognizing God’s constant presence.

- Special Occasions :Significant events in the life cycle of the Jew also are observed in the community. At the age of eight days, a male child is publicly initiated into the covenant of Abraham through circumcision (berith milah). Boys reach legal maturity at the age of 13, when they assume responsibility for observing all the commandments (bar mitzvah) and are called for the first time to read from the Torah in synagogue. Girls reach maturity at 12 years of age and, in modern Liberal synagogues, also read from the Torah (bat mitzvah). In the 19th century, the modernizing Reform movement instituted the practice of confirmation for both young men and women of secondary school age. The ceremony is held on Shabuoth and signifies acceptance of the faith revealed at Sinai. The next turning point in a Jew’s life is marriage (kiddushin, "sanctification"). Even at the hour of greatest personal joy, Jews recall the sorrows of their people. The seven wedding benedictions include petitionary prayers for the rebuilding of Jerusalem and the return of the Jewish people to Zion. Also, at the Jewish funeral the hope for resurrection of the deceased is included in a prayer for the redemption of the Jewish people

- Klezmer is the music of the East European Jewish tradition which goes back to at least the 16th Century. The music is eclectic and its influences range from Arabic and Turkish dances to Rumanian horas, Hungarian gypsy and jazz.
This "Jewish soul music", frequently played at celebrations such as weddings and barmitzvahs, is becoming increasingly popular and can now be enjoyed by audiences at events as diverse as conferences, dinners and beer festivals.

    *This information has been gathered from various informants and web sites as well as Encarta 98 Encyclopedia*